《禮記·中庸》與《郭店楚簡·性自命出》的性情論和政治論比較研究

Zhongyongof Liji and Xing Zi Ming Chuin the Chu Bamboo Strips of Guodian Compared:Different Thoughts on Human Nature and Emotion,and Distinct Political Ideals

繼承孔子思想的《禮記·中庸》與《性自命出》將'得人心之治'作爲理想。但是,《中庸》以'性'爲中心,而《性自命出》以'心'與'情'爲中心,兩者之間存在着很大的差異。《中庸》認爲來自於'天'只是'性',但在《性自命出》這裏,與'天'相連的不僅有'性',還有'情'。因此,《中庸》將'情'看作是要調節或抑制的對象,而《性自命出》把'情'當作'禮'之根源。其理由在於,《性自命出》認爲'禮'的制作基於人内在的自然也就是'情',這樣就把維持社會秩序的根據從外在的強制性或規制性轉化爲内在的自發性。由於關於人本質的基本立場不同,因此《中庸》與《性自命出》追求的政治目標也不同。《中庸》重視的是奠基於人本質('誠')之上的'九經'的實現,而《性自命出》注重實現的是奠基於'情'的交感,以及共同擁有價值標準與情感基礎之上統治者和被統治者之間的溝通。

Succeeding the ideas of Confucius,Zhongyongchapter of Liji,and Xing Zi Ming Chu in the Chu Bamboo strips of Guodian both regarded the governance that wins the hearts of the people as an ideal.However,whilst Zhongyongfocused on a discourse emphasizing human nature,Xing Zi Ming Chu presented a different discourse that was based on heart and emotion.In other words,while Zhongyongtook only human nature as having derived from Heaven,Xing Zi Ming Chuviewed both human nature and emotion as having continuity with Heaven.Therefore,Zhongyong argued that emotion should be controlled or suppressed by rites.Conversely,Xing Zi Ming Chuconsidered emotion as the very source of rites.The reasoning behind this was that rites were made on the basis of emotion,which is innate in a human being.This view sees that there is a potential of preserving social order,not by force or regulation imposed from the outside,but through autonomy or spontaneity that are innate within the human being.Since their approaches towards human nature differ from each other fundamentally,ideal governance is differently pictured in Zhongyongand Xing Zi Ming Chu.Zhongyongbelieves the realization of nine principles,which is based on truth or human nature,as the ideal of politics.However,Xing Zi Ming Chu treasures the fulfillment of governance that is based on emotion,mutual understanding of one's values between the ruler and the subject,and the sharing of a communion as the ideal.