小反刍兽疫病毒的研究进展

Progress of peste des petits ruminants virus

小反刍兽疫(peste des petits ruminants,PPR)是由一种副黏病毒科麻疹病毒属病毒引起的主要感染山羊、绵羊的急性高治病性传染病,但牛感染后临床症状不明显。世界动物卫生组织(OIE)将其列为A类疫病,感染率和死亡率高达90%。由于绵羊和山羊是非洲和西亚贫困人民的重要生产资料,PPR对食品安全和摆脱贫困构成巨大威胁。小反刍兽疫病毒(PPRV)和牛瘟病毒(RPV)与麻疹病毒(MV)联系紧密。通过大规模接种疫苗牛瘟已被彻底消除。虽然可以利用弱毒疫苗免疫机体预防PPRV感染,但由于其在亚热带气候中的热不稳定性、使用时所需剂量的不确定性及接种范围的不足导致该病仍未得到有效控制。另外已有证据表明,在疫苗与不同毒株之间存在很少的交叉中和,使得目前流通的PPRV疫苗的保护功效被质疑。文章简要介绍了目前全世界对PPRV的高关注度及PPRV的生物学特性、发病机理等。

Pestes des petits ruminants( PPR) is an acute,highly contagious and fatal disease caused by the Morbillivirus of the family Paramyxoviriaae. The disease is mainly infected with goats and sheep,and the clinical symptoms of cattle is not obvious post infectionem. The disease is classified as an OIE List A disease. The infection and mortality rates can reach 90%. As sheep and goats are important means of production for poor people in Africa and Western Asia,PPR poses a great threat to food security and the fight against poverty. PPR virus( PPRV) and rinderpest virus( RPV) are closely related to Morbilliviruses( MV). Rinderpest has been completely eliminated by mass vaccination. Although the attenuated vaccine can be used to prevent PPRV,this disease has not been effectively controlled because of the instability in subtropical climate( thermo-sensitivity),unavailablity of required doses and insufficient coverage. In addition,there are evidence of poor cross neutralization between vaccine strain and different PPRV strain. It has raised questions about the protective efficacy of the current circulating PPRV vaccine.This paper briefly introduces the high attention to PPRV in the world and the biological characteristics and pathogenesis of PPRV.