谁说话了?——论《那儿》的书写面向及其窘境

Who Spoke?

论文主要是以曹征路的中篇小说《那儿》来探讨底层书写的写作面向。这些面向恰好也体现了《那儿》的书写窘境:其一、失声的‘独白’:从失声到“失身”;其二、凌虐身体的革命理想:从《英特纳雄奈尔》到《那儿》。前者体现了近年底层书写普遍存在的“失声的‘独白’”,主人公到最后只能寻死的悲剧—无望的诉求,无意中却为‘左翼文学’传统唱起了终结的挽歌;后者却演绎了底层人民凌虐身体的一面,半个世纪以来对群众快感的绝对服从又是如何跟个人身体欲望产生抵触,造就了一种排斥个人身体欲望的革命理想。从《国际歌》最初的原名《英特纳雄奈尔》高扬的大半个20世纪到新世纪中国被简化成两个谐音字的“那儿”,只说明了马克思的精神遗产在中国不断受到“窄化”、“庸俗化”、“口号化”、“泛政治化”发展到今天它注定要面临的“简化”窘境。论文认为《那儿》充其量只是体现一个工会领袖的悲壮和苦难,处在他底下那些工人们的辛酸和复杂命运并没有得到作者给予充分的描写和展开,作者并没有通过复调的手法教会他们“如何说话”,以致我们质疑这样一个知识者的底层表述的可靠性。人们理应对这种书写面向的历史叙事“合法性”进行反思:谁说话了?

This paper is an attempt to explore the orientation of portraying life at social bottom in Cao Zheng-lu's novelette There,for such an orientation is representative of the dilemma of portrayal in the work: one is the hoarse soliloquy ranging from the loss of the voice to the loss of virginity;the other is revolutionary ideal of maltreating one's body discernable from The Internationale to There The former dilemma embodies the 'hoarse' soliloquy popular in recent writings about life at social bottom,as is typified by the inevitable final death of the protagonist—a kind of hopeless pursuit,which has inadvertently become an elegy for the end of the Leftist literature convention.The latter dilemma,however,illustrates the aspect of body maltreatment on the part of people living at the bottom of society,as is evident in the cultivation of a revolutionary ideal resulting from absolute submission to the delight of the masses which is contradictory and repellent to individualistic body desires.The process from the majority of the 20th-century when The Internationale was popular to the new era when China is simplified as two euphonious words 'there' shows that the spiritual heritage of Marx has been constantly 'vulgarized','sloganized' and 'pan-politicized' to the point of inexorably being 'simplified' at present.This paper opines that what is presented in There is nothing more than the solumn and stirring hardships of a trade union leader whereas the tragic and complex life of the workers at social bottom has not been fully portrayed since the writer has not taught them how to speak using the polyphonious method so that skepticism is cast upon the reliability of such narration about people at social bottom.Readers are supposed to reflect on the 'legitimacy' of the orientation of such a historical narrative,i.e.who has uttered?