转折时期的艰难确立——论中苏建国初期的文艺政策及其经验教训

P.R.China and the Soviet Union at the Initial Stage of Their Founding: Literary and Artistic Policies and Relevant Lessons

中苏两国探索的社会主义文化体系,是落后不发达国家选择的跨越式发展的文化新模式。这种模式不可能直接从西方和自己本土文化中找到资源,而只能诉求于来自西方又超越于西方的马克思主义。苏联为了解决这个问题,确立社会主义文化领导权,在十月革命胜利后的20年代,为新生的苏维埃制定了一系列的文艺政策,甚至不惜采用强制性的措施进行应对。中国在50年代初,基于政治功利性和现实国情,在文艺方针和文化领导权这一问题上也与苏联有共同的追求。当然,这种单向的“一边倒”,使当时的中国文学在汲取苏联文学优秀养分的同时,也无可避免地遭遇到了它所含有的矛盾和问题。

The socialist cultural system pursued by P.R.China and the Soviet Union,a new cultural mode of strident development selected by backward and underdeveloped nations,could only resort to Marxism stemming from but rising above the occidental learning instead of absorbing its resources from the western or indigenous culture.To solve this problem and establish the right of leadership for socialist culture,the Soviet Union had,in the 1920s after the victory of the 'October Revolution',formulated for the newly-founded soviet a series of literary and artistic policies even to the effect of taking mandatory measures.In light of its political utilitarianism and real national conditions,China had,in the 1950s,implemented similar pursuits as the Soviet Union on the issue of literary and artistic policies and cultural leadership.Sure enough,under the impact of such a unilateral 'one-sidedness',the then Chinese literature had indeed benefited from the excellent elements of Soviet literature,but it had likewise inevitably met with similar contradictions and problems as those of Soviet literature.