楚贵族的信仰与仪式——以考古发现中的楚国高等级贵族祭祀资料为视角

Religious Belief and Ritual of the Chu Nobles——From the Perspective of Sacrificial Materials of Senior Chu Nobles in Archaeological Discoveries

卜筮祭祷简对于祭祷对象及其所用祭品的区分,显示了楚贵族的祭祀类似于墓内随葬的礼器,具有等级性的差异;卜筮祭祷简中用玉祭祀的记载,与熊家冢、冯家冢两处楚王陵园祭祀坑出土的玉器相吻合,从文字记录与出土实物两个方面印证了楚国高等级贵族用玉祭祀的特点;楚国高等级贵族墓葬的腰坑殉葬牺牲的种类,与墓主身份有关,也是楚国祭祀等级差异的一个表现。

The bamboo slips recording divinations and prayers,the object of the prayers and the differences in the sacrifices used all show that there existed a hierarchal difference in the sacrificial rituals of the Chu nobles,similar to the hierarchal difference in burial objects found in tombs.The use of jade in sacrificial rituals as recorded in the bamboo slips matches the jade vessels unearthed in the sacrificial pits of Chu kings at the burial grounds of Xiongjiazhong and Fengjiazhong,so documentary records and unearthed real objects both confirm the characteristic of using jade in sacrifices by senior Chu nobles.The categories of sacrifices in the waist pits of the tombs of senior Chu nobles,probably related to the social status of the tomb occupants,also mark the hierarchal difference in sacrifices in the State of Chu.