佛教“牧牛喻”的渊源与流变——从原始佛教到禅宗《十牛图颂》

The Origin and Development of Buddhism's MuniuYu——from Buddha to the Shi niu Tu Song of the Chan sect

本文仔细地梳理了佛教的有关“牛喻” :在佛陀原始说法和部派三藏里 ,有极其丰富的“牛喻” ,这是佛陀和部派学者为了更好地教化大众而在说法时广泛采用的最重要的方便之一 ;其后的大乘佛教 ,虽然竭力抬高自己而贬斥原始和部派佛学为小乘 ,但是 ,大乘的“牛喻”大部分却来自小乘 ,实际上是对小乘“牛喻”的批判性继承 ;中国的禅宗 ,一向自称“教外别传” ,但是 ,其“牧牛喻”不仅来自大乘 ,而且与小乘也有关系。在此基础上 ,作者指出 ,后来佛教学者把禅宗的“牧牛喻”的渊源指定在大乘 。

This paper analyses NiuYus concerned with Buddhism.There are many NiuYus in Buddha's speeches and three pitaka of different sects,which is one of the most important ways that Buddha and scholars could employ to educate and reform monks.The later Mahayana tried hard to put a higher value on itself and denounced Buddha and Buddhism as Hinayana,however,most of its NiuYus came from Hinayana,which was actually inherited from the latter critically.The Chan sect of China has called itself'Supplementary Biography of Buddhism',but its MuniuYus not only come from Mahayana,but also have a bearing on Hinayana.It's on this basis that the author points out that it's not correct that the later scholars regard Mahayana as the origin of the Chan sect's MuniuYu.