改革开放以来中国劳动力流动研究

China’s Labor Migration Since the Reform and Opening Up

改革开放四十年以来,影响中国劳动力流动的主导因素经历了制度障碍阻隔、收入差距驱动、公共服务引领、机会不平等影响等演变过程。四十年当中,中国经历了世界上最大规模的国内劳动力流动,为我国城镇化和工业化做出了重要贡献,并逐步形成了区域间劳动力市场。新时代,流动劳动力本身呈现出新老代际交替、产业就业替代等特征,除了在推动减贫、促进产业升级方面继续发挥积极影响外,囿限于与经济发展的互为强化,劳动力流动视角下的区域发展极化问题逐渐突显。实践当中,为促进劳动力更广泛、自由和有效率流动,本文提出应推进全民社会保障体系的建设,创建公平竞争的劳动力市场,重视以中等和职业技术教育为核心的人力资本政策,构建有竞争力的城市人才制度体系等政策建议。

In the past 40 years of reform and opening up,the dominant factors influencing China’s labor mobility have undergone evolutionary processes of institutional barriers,income gap driving,public service leading,and unequal opportunities.Over the past 40 years,China has experienced the largest domestic labor mobility in the world,which has made important contributions to China’s urbanization and industrialization,and gradually formed the inter-regional labor market.In the new era,the migrant labor force itself presents the characteristics of alternation between old and new generations and industrial employment substitution.Apart from continuing to play a positive role in promoting poverty alleviation and industrial upgrading,the problem of regional development polarization from the perspective of labor mobility has gradually highlighted due to the mutual reinforcement of economic development.In practice,in order to promote the wider,free and efficient flow of labor force,this paper proposes that we should promote the construction of the social security system for all,create a fair and competitive labor market,attach importance to the human capital policy with secondary and vocational education as the core,and build a competitive urban talent system and other policy recommendations.