蒙古西征下的伊斯兰世界——试论13世纪伊斯兰教的发展

The Islamic World under the Aggression of Mongolia

1206年成吉思汗统一蒙古后,新兴的蒙古帝国先后发动三次西征。蒙古的西征一直打到地中海沿岸,其对伊斯兰世界的破坏可以说是毁灭性的。在蒙古军的暴力破坏下,短短数年一大批城市变成废墟,同时伊斯兰的哈里发教廷亦遭摧毁。然而,在伊斯兰教临近灭亡的边缘时,却得以奇迹般地生存下来,并开始了新一轮的发展,蒙古人建立的察合台汗国、伊尔汗国、金帐汗国纷纷伊斯兰化,同时,伊斯兰教在中国亦得到长足发展。整个13世纪可以说是伊斯兰教在其历史中的一个转折点。

The newly arisen Mongol Empire,which was unified by Genghis Khan since 1206,had launched three aggression.The aggression of Mongolia hit as far as Mediterranean coast and the destruction of the Islamic world can be said to be devastating.Under the violent destruction of Mongolian Army,a large number of cities had become ruins in a few years,while the Islamic caliphate of the Holy See was also destroyed.However,when Islam was on the edge of destruction,they can miraculously survive and start a new round of development.Chagatai Khanate,Ilhan States and the Golden Horde Islamized one after another.At the same time,Islam developed rapidly in China.In summarize,the entire 13th century can be considered as the turning point of Islam in history.