宋元时期徽州祠庙祭祖的形式及其变化

本文主要依据明代族谱以及元、明人文集中的宗族文献,研究宋元时期徽州祠庙祭祖问题。认为:宋元时期徽州宗族祭祖形式有三个特点,具体表现为:一是祭祖依附或与社祭结合,二是祭祖依附或与寺观结合,三是墓祠祭祖是祠祭的主要形式。就祭祖总体特征的变化趋势而言,是祭祖从依附或与地缘性社祭、宗教性寺观祭祖结合而逐渐分离并走向衰败,以及独立性祠堂祭祖的渐兴。

This paper studies the problem of the offering sacrifice to ancestors held in ancestral temple of the patriarchal clan in Huizhou in the Yuan-Ming period on the materials providing in genealogy of the Ming Dynasty and literatures about the patriarchal clan in collect works of the Yuan and Ming Dynasty.It concludes in this paper that the kernel of ancestor sacrifice rite can be seen in three ways.First,ancestor sacrifice was attached to the offering sacrifice to God of land,or was combined with the latter.Secondly,ancestor sacrifice was attached to temples,or was integrated into temple..Thirdly,the offering sacrifice to ancestors was primarily held in ancestral temple that was founded in cemeteries.The tendency of transformation is that ancestor sacrifice had gone from being attached to God of local land sacrifice and religionary temple to being separated each other gradually,then declined step by step,on the other hand,the independent ancestral temple sacrifice grew up day after day.