3Zita M. McShae,"The Grotesque in Short Fiction", Criticod Survey of Short Fiction(Vol.2), ed. Frank N. Magill, N.J. :Englewood Cliffs, 1981, pp.712- 725, p.713.
4Wolfgang Kayser,The Grotesque in Art and Literature(trans. Ulrich Weisstein), Bloomington, Ind.,1960.
5Walter Evans, "Short Fiction: 1800 - 1840", Critical Survey of Short Fiction ( Vol. 2 ), pp. 153 - 172,p. 153,p. 157.
6Charles E. May, "Short Fiction: 1840 -1880", Critical Survey of Fiction(Vol.2) ,pp. 179 -183.
7B. M. Ejxenbaum ," How Gogol ' s The Otzrcoat is made", Russian Revview, 20( 1963 ), pp. 377 - 399.
8"O. Henry and the Theory of the Short Story",Readings in Russian Poetics (revised edition), eds.Ladislav Matejka & Krystyna Pomorska, Ann Arbor,Michigan, 1978, pp. 227 - 270
9Georg Lucks, The Theory of the Novel (1916), Quoted in Waiter Evans, "Short Fiction: 18130 - 1840",Critical Survey of Short Fiction ( Vol. 2 ), N.J. : Englewood Cliffs, 1981 ,p. 174.
10Charles E. May, "Short Fiction: 1840 - 1880", p. 176.
