漢語方言日内時間的表達格局及其形成

The Intraday Time Expression Structure and Its formation in Chinese Dialects

現代漢語方言中一日之内的時間(早晨、上午、中午、下午、白天、夜晚)的表達形式或顯或隱地體現出南北對立的趨勢。南方主要繼承了上古時位語素,而北方則多採用中古乃至近代漢語才出現的時位語素。這種南北對立在唐代已經明顯。唐代北方口語中就開始了'晌'對'畫'、'黑'對'夜'的替换。南方各方言的日内時間表達系統至遲在宋代已經基本定型。就時間語詞看,吴語在南方各方言中地位特殊。

In modern Chinese dialects, the expression form of the time within one day, including(morn、forenoon、noon、afternoon、daytime、night),shows the tendency of confrontation between South and North gleamingly. The South mainly inherited from ancient Chinese chroneme morpheme,while the North principally absorbed the chroneme morpheme from medieval Chinese or even from the mordern Chinese. It was in Tang dynasty that the North-South confrontation became explicit,and at that time,the replacement of"Shang(晌)"with"Zhou(昼)"and"Hei(黑)" with"Ye(夜)"occurred in the North oral speech. The intraday time expression system in the South dialects became fixed and unchangeable no later than Song dynasty. As far as the time phrases were concerned, Wu dialect held a special position in all South dialects.