從“達嚫”到“■施”——佛教外來詞演變例考

Fromdachen(達嚫)to chenshi(■施):Chinese Equivalents of Sanskrit daksinā——A Typical Example of Variations of Chinese Buddhist Loanwords

梵文daksinā一詞在漢文佛典中有多個譯詞,《大正藏》中'達嚫'等17個純音譯形式使用158次,'嚫''■'等單音節縮略形式單用221次,'嚫施''■施'等音譯加意譯的雙音詞使用87次。詞義方面,daksinā的漢譯詞既可指布施財物,也可指講經施法;語法屬性方面,daksinā的漢譯詞既可做動詞,也可做名詞。歷時地看,從'達嚫'到'■施'變化明顯,施法一義和動詞用法越來越少,施財一義和名詞用法越來越多;詞義和用法的變化,也體現出佛經譯文和中土撰述之别;考察daksinā漢譯詞的使用狀況,或多或少能揭示漢地佛教的一些微妙變化。

The Sanskrit word daksinā was transliterated or translated into various Chinese words written with different characters.It’s 17 disyllabic and trisyllabic transliterations were used 158 times in the Chinese Buddhist texts in Taisho canon,while it’s monosyllabic transliterations were used 221 times,and disyllabic compounds by both transliterated and translated morphemes 87 times.These Chinese equivalents of daks.in.ā could mean donating,donation or to donate,as well as preaching or to preach.Chronically,these three types of loanwords were more and more used as nouns meaning donation,and such change also appeared between translated Chinese Buddhist scriptures and those Buddist texts written by local Chinese people.A gradual secularization of Chines Buddism can be observed more or less by describing these loanwords.