名量詞的構式化和構式變化

Nominal Measure and Classifier Words' Constructionalization and Constructional Changes

漢語名量詞産生於商朝,計算對象具體,尚不成體系;西周基本形成計量和計數(集合數、陪伴)兩大體系;經過春秋戰國的持續發展,西漢時期陪伴量詞發展爲個體量詞,名量詞系統終於成熟。名量詞由計量或計數模式'名+數+名'中的第二個名詞演變而成;個體量詞形成以後,'數+量+名'也成爲能産模式。計量和計集合數的量詞産生發展的動因:社會的要求、語言使用者對事物的使用和認知、語言使用者對陪伴成分的選擇、被計量物特徵的限制。陪伴量詞和個體量詞産生和發展的動因:語言使用者對某些集合量詞和陪伴成分的重新思考;雙音韻律的約束、計量等構式的推動、自身對構式義的吸收等。歷時構式語法既能解釋各種名量詞的産生發展,又能解釋名量詞系統的發展和演變。

Chinese nominal measure and classifier word originated in the Shang Dynasty, which had not form the system yet,only measuring the specific object.Two major systems of measurement and counting(collection and accompany)formed in the Western Zhou Dynasty.After the continuous development of the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period,accompanying word developed into classifier in the Western Han Dynasty. Chinese nominal measure and classifier word system finally matured.The measure and classifier word formed in the measurement or counting model of“Noun+Num+Noun”and evolved from the later noun.After the formation of classifier,the“Num+NMC+Noun” construction also became a productive mode.The cause of the development of measure word and collective word is the requirements of the society,the use,cognition and choice of the language users,and the limitation of the characteristics of the measured objects. The cause of the development of accompanying measure word and classifier is the rethinking of language users about some collective word and accompanying word,the constraint of Chinese double tone rhythmic structure,the driving force of measurement or some other constructions,and the absorption of their own constructional meanings and so on.Diachronic Construction Grammar can not only explain the emergence and development of various nominal measure and classifier word,but also explain the development and evolution of the nominal measure and classifier word system.