近代漢語“繩”和“索”的歷時演變與共時分布

Diachronic Evolution and Synchronic Distribution of “Sheng” and “Suo” in Pre-modern Chinese

'繩'對'索'的替換在唐宋時期尚未完成。在宋元小說話本中,'索'仍占據優勢地位。從總體上看,'繩'和'索'在明代呈'勢均力敵'的狀態,但'繩''索'使用上的南北差異已露端倪。在現代漢語方言中,'繩'主要分布在官話區、吴語區;'索'主要分布在粤語區、閩語區;在贛語、湘語、西南官話中,兩者並用。這一分布可與明清時期'繩''索'的使用情況相印證。在官話及吴語區,'繩'對'索'的替換是在明清時期完成的。用'繩'不用'索',主要基於'表義明晰'的需要。在部分南方方言區,'索'沿用至今,其背後的選擇機制有待探討。

The substitution of 'Sheng' for 'Suo' was not completed in Tang and Song Dynasties. ' Suo' still occupied the dominant position in vernacular novels in Song and Yuan Dynasty. On the whole,'Sheng' and 'Suo' were 'evenly matched',but the difference between the north and the south in the use of'Sheng' and 'Suo' had emerged. In the modern Chinese dialect, 'Sheng' is mainly distributed in areas of Mandarin and Wu dialect;'Suo' is mainly distributed in areas of Cantonese and Min dialect;both 'Sheng' and 'Suo' are used in Gan dialect, Xiang dialect and Southwestern Mandarin. This distribution can confirm the use of 'Sheng' and 'Suo' in Ming and Qing dynasty. In Mandarin and Wu dialect, the substitution of 'Sheng' for 'Suo' formed in Ming and Qing Dynasty.The use 'Sheng' instead of 'Suo' mainly depends on the need of 'clarity of meaning'. In some areas of southern dialect areas, 'Suo' has been used until now,the choice mechanism behind which remains to be explored.