漢語構式化過程研究——以“V(不)到XP”構式為例

A Study on the Process of Chinese Constructionalization——Taking "V(Bu) Dao XP" as an example

漢語中複合詞及以上語言單位都可以看成是構式。構式化研究首先找對源構式,源構式是外部世界被認知感知後,形成的意象圖式在概念框架下語言外這的結果。而漢語'V(不)到XP'這兩個肯定和否定構式,當動詞V是位移動詞,XP為方位名詞的時候,就形成了源構式。源構式具有擴展引申功能,當XP從空間方位成分擴展到時間成分、數量成分以及程度成分的時候,構式也隨著越來越虚化和凝固,構式語義也從具體的'到達'義向抽象的'達到'義發展;XP還從V的非受事論元向受事論元擴展,'到'的動詞意義進一步弱化,構式語義也從'達到'義演變出'事件的達成'義。在構式的擴展過程中,源構式的位移動詞和'到'形成動詞連動結構,由於兩個動詞不在一個時間點發生,故兩個動詞的發生之間具有時間差。而當動詞V為單音節動詞,並和動詞'到'的發生不再有時間間隔的時候,或者動詞V和動詞'到'的結合發生語義轉化從而形成一個新義的時候,'V(不)到'就會再次構式化,形成一個雙音節或者三音節的動詞。因此,構式產生後不是一成不變的,而是處於不斷的發展演變之中,'V(不)到XP'還會繼續擴展,形成'A(不)到XP'構式。

In Chinese,compound words and above language units can be regarded as constructions.In the study of constructionalization,we first find the correct source construction,which is the explicit result of the image schema formed in the conceptual framework after the perception of the external world.And the source construction of the two affirmative and negative constructions of'V(Bu_不)Dao_到 XP' is formed when its verb V is the displacement verb and XP is the locative noun.The source construction has extended function.The construction become more and more empty and solidified constructional when the XP is extended from the spatial component to the time component, the number component and the degree component of construction.And the construction semantic develops the abstract meaning'achieve'from the concrete meaning'arrive'.XP also extends from non patient argument to the patient argument of V,and then the verb 'Dao(到)'is further weakened;the constructional semantic develops the meaning'reach the aim of a even'from the meaning 'achieve'.In the process of construction extension,the displacement verb and 'Dao'form the verb-sequence construction because the two verbs do not occur at one time point, so there is a time distance between the two verbs.When the verb V is monosyllabic verb,and there is no longer a time interval between V and Dao, or when combination of the verb V and the verb'Dao' form a new meaning because of the occurrence of semantic transformation,'V(Bu_不)Dao_到'will constructionalize again,forming a disyllable or trisyllable verb. Therefore,the construction is not static once formed, but in constant evolution'V(Bu_不)Dao_到XP'still continues to extend,and forms the construction'A(Bu_不)Dao_到XP'.