中古佛道文獻中的“魔”系詞詞義比較——兼論詞義引申的促動因素

A Comparison of the Meaning of“魔”Family Words from Buddhist and Taoist Scriptures of China’s Medieval Age

運用比較的方法,分析'魔'和以'魔'為構詞語素的複合詞集合而成的共計八個'魔'系詞在中古佛道文獻中的詞義,發现在道经中,'魔魅'等五個詞語沿用了它们經佛經翻譯帶進漢語的源語義;'魔'则是一方面沿用了一個源語義,一方面又發展出了新的詞義;'魔王'和'天魔'兩個詞語没有沿用它们的源語義,而使用的是在道經中发展出来的新詞義。運用義素分析法,比較'魔'和'魔王''天魔'三個詞語在佛道文獻中的詞義,發現这三個詞在道經中的新詞義都是从其源語義引申而来的,这是語言接觸引發的詞義引申。由此推论出,詞義引申有兩個促動因素,一是基于語言内部的聯想,二是由于語言接觸而引起的語言之間的聯想,因此可以把詞義引申分為語言内部的引申和語言接觸引發的語言之間的引申兩種類型。

This article, by comparison in the context of Buddhist and Taoist scriptures of China’s medieval Age,analyzes the meaning of'魔' and seven '魔'family compound words with'魔'as constituents.The study shows that,'魔魅'and other five words in Taoist Scriptures follow the original meaning in the Buddhist Scriptures;'魔'itself followed the original meaning in the Buddhist Scriptures,while at the same time developed new meaning.'魔王'and'天魔'didn’t follow its original meaning in Buddhist Scripture.Instead,they developed new meaning in Taoist Scriptures.Analysis of semantic components shows that,the new meaning of'魔','魔王'and'天魔',compared in Buddhist and Taoist scriptures,were results of the extension of original meaning in the Buddhist Scriptures,a consequence of language contact.It is inferred that,extension of word meaning is activated under two circumstances:internal association within the language itself and association between languages through contact.These two kinds of activations may be typified.