论涉教案件的司法审查标准

On the Standard of Judicial Review on Disputes Concerning Religion

涉教案件的司法审查标准主要涉及两个方面,一是国家与宗教保持适度的距离,二是国家对宗教活动进行合法性监督。前者要求国家与宗教之间的关系不能过于紧密,而且是非厚此薄彼的等距离。对宗教自由的尊重和保障是国家面对宗教的立足点。后者出于基本权限制的理论,梳理了德国外部化、领域论和利益衡量三大标准和美国以莱蒙检验为中心的审查标准。国家、宗教都是社会生活的一部分,只有其间确立其法治的边界,社会和谐才会完善。

The standard of judicial review on disputes concerning religion involves two main aspects: to maintain a moderate distance between the state and religion,and to supervise legitimacy of religious activity. The former requires the relationship between state and religion can not be too close. The state shall treat all religions equally. The state foothold is to respect and protect the freedom of religion. To the latter,from the theory of limitation to fundamental rights,three German theories are combed: the theory of externalization, the theory of field and theory of measuring interests; so is the American standard of the Lemon test,which is the oriental one. Religion and state are part of the social life. Only having established the boundaries of the rule of law between religion and state can we have a harmonious society.