基于地理、寄主隔离的珍稀虎凤蝶属Luehdorfia种、亚种关系研究

Relationshipsbetween Species/Subspecies in Luehdorfia Based on Geography and Host-plant Isolations

亚洲特有属虎凤蝶属Luehdorfia祖先54Ma前出现,较多数凤蝶古老,但该属种数却相对较少,且种、种下分类仍具争议,而研究物种形成过程的相关事件(隔离)或许能提供更多有用证据。考虑其地理分布特殊、幼虫寡食性(限于马兜铃科Aristolochiaceae少数植物),本次在系统采集该属蝶种及其野外寄主植物全球地理发生点数据基础上,试图从寄主隔离、地理(含地形)隔离分析上探讨各姊妹种关系。研究结果表明:①波氏虎凤蝶L.bosniackii除种名外无其他记录,推断为假种名;②在经纬度地理上,中华虎凤蝶包含太白虎凤蝶、周氏虎凤蝶而聚成一支,乌苏里虎凤蝶与日本虎凤蝶交集而成另一支。但从地形隔离、寄主隔离角度,发现太白虎凤蝶可能更早分化成一支,而其他种则关系错综复杂;③虎凤蝶种下分化(亚种形成)可能受其地方性寄主适应性利用策略化与新旧寄主间的地理/地形隔离两种力量驱使。如中华虎凤蝶以细辛为食种群倾向于地形复杂区(高海拔)发生,而以杜衡为食种群则在地形平坦区(<300m)发生,分化形成指名亚种与李氏亚种。乌苏里虎凤蝶5个亚种的形成可能也主要受这两种隔离作用的驱使。而日本虎凤蝶可能受岛屿面积限制,隔离作用不明显。为此,提出太白虎凤蝶为最先分化或最原始类群的假说;而对于周氏虎凤蝶与中华虎凤蝶相似性高,生态位分化低,与其他种的寄主相似性系数最高,建议在开展虎凤蝶亲缘地理学研究同时,仍需加强野外调查研究,如野外资源选择、生境需求试验及环境生态位分化研究,为该IUCN红色名录与国家重点保护种的保护网络的构建、运行提供更多可参考依据。

The Asia butterfly genus of Luehdorfia appeared before 54 Ma,earlier than most swallowtails.But it is a small genus with several species,which are still controversial in classification.Isolation effects are valuable in study to understand the process of speciation maybe by the provision of some useful evidences.Considering the specific distribution and larval oligophagous(limited to a few species from Aristolochiaceae),this study,based on the complete collection of occurrence data(including host plants),attempted to display the isolations of host,geography(or topography)and illustrated the species-to-species relationships in Luehdorfia.Results showed that:(1)L.bosniackii was a fake species name as no records available;(2)In geography,L.chinensis zone contained L.taibai and L.choui and gathered into one branch,while L.puziloi and L.japonicad gathered into another by intersection.However,from the perspective of topographic and host isolation,it was found that L.taibai may differentiate(from the ancestor)into one branch earliest,while others were intricately complex;(3)The sub-speciation of Luehdorfia may be driven by two forces,the local-host-adaptation(isolation between old and new hosts)and geography/terrain isolation.For examples,L.chinensis the preferred complex terrains(high altitude),where feeding Asarum sieboldii,while the new host of A.forbesii mostly occurred in lowlands(<300 m),where the pioneer populations differentiated into a new subspecies by host transfer.The same situation may also happen to L.puziloi and formed five subspecies by the two isolation effects.However,it could be limited by the island area or others,L.japonicad did not show the same differentiation at subspecies level.Therefore,we proposed that L.taibai was the most ancient species in this genus,and doubted L.choui at species level as its similarities were always high against other species;especially it co-occurred with L.chinensis but with a low niche differentiation.Our study suggested that a complete study on affinity geography should be carried out systematically,while other studies like more field investigations(e.g.field resource demands,habitat preference)and environmental niche differentiation etc.were also necessary for future protection networks.