转基因作物在美国的发展、应用和趋势

Future directions,development and application of GM crops in the USA

2013年,美国生物技术作物种植面积达到了7 010万hm2,占全球种植面积(1.75亿hm2)的40%,主要转基因作物平均普及率近乎达到了90%。美国目前绝大多数被认证的生物技术作物都集中于改良农艺性状,其中尤其以抗生物逆境为主。在不远的将来,焦点仍会放在农艺性状特别是害虫的防治上,同时由于气候变化及耕地利用等一系列的外部环境压力不断增大,人们在耐非生物逆境胁迫方面也越来越有兴趣。农业生物技术不仅帮助世界范围内的农民提高农作物产量,改善土地的生态状况,同时可以提高资源的利用效率。这些技术的使用减少了耕作活动(这可以降低二氧化碳等温室气体的排放)、降低了水土流失和燃料的消耗。先进的害虫控制技术在增加现有土地的产量的同时也降低了将森林和荒地变为可耕地的压力。如果目前要求生物技术无风险的过严监管政策、有组织的造谣惑众、资源缺乏的状况得不到改变,那么不仅是不能提高环境收益,就连改善营养品质、减少采后损失和促进食物安全等方面的潜力也难以发挥。

In 2013,the US led production of biotech crops globally with 70.1million hectares which amounts to about 40% of total global acreage(175 million hectares),with an average adoption rate of approximately 90% across its principal biotech crops.The vast majority of biotech products approved to date in the US are in the area of agronomic traits,most specifically biotic stress management.The principal focus in the immediate future will remain on agronomic traits especially the area of pest control but with an increasing interest in abiotic stress tolerance which is gaining prominence as external pressures from climate change to land use change.Agricultural biotechnology already has helped farmers around the world boost their productivity and grow crops in more ecologically healthy fields while allowing much more efficient use of resources.This technology allows reduced tillage,which cuts down on greenhouse gas emissions,water runoff,soil erosion and fuel consumption.Improved pest control increases yields on existing acreage and reduces the pressure to convert forests and wildlands into farmland.In addition to environmental benefits the potential for improved nutrition,reduced postharvest losses and increased food safety may remain unfulfilled if barriers such as disproportionate and non-risk-based regulatory regimens;effective disinformation campaigns and lack of resources prevail.