元故事的构拟与激活——从民间叙事法则到“好莱坞圣经”

The Reconstruction and Activation of Meta-stories——From Folk Narrative Principles to the “Hollywood Bible”

"元故事"是一个揭示民间叙事深层结构的原初模型。19世纪以来,各国学者一直在尝试构拟元故事,其中德国的冯·哈恩(1876)、奥地利的奥托·兰克(1909)、英国的拉格兰(1934)、美国的坎贝尔(1949)提出的故事模型较具代表性。1908年丹麦的奥尔里克提出建立"系统的叙事科学",并归纳出13条口头叙事法则,开始尝试建构民间叙事学理论。1928年俄国普罗普的故事形态学在世界上产生了巨大影响。1993年,美国剧作家沃格勒将坎贝尔的"千面英雄"故事模型改造为"英雄之旅"模式,成为好莱坞"业界圣经"。当代中国故事研究语境发生了两大变化:一是大规模口传故事资料的收集已完成,二是文化产业发展迅速。民间故事研究必然会从文化研究转向文学研究,从理论研究转向创造性转化的实践。

The meta-story is an original model revealing the deep structure of folk narratives. Since 19th century, scholars from all over the world have been trying to reconstruct the meta-stories. Among them, Johann Georg Von Hahn(1876) of Germany, Otto Frank(1909) of Austria, Lagrange(1934) of Britain and Campbell(1949) of America were the representative ones who proposed their models of the meta-stories. In 1908, Axel Olrik of Denmark proposed to establish the 'Systematic Narrative Science', summed up 13 principles of epic laws, and tried to reconstruct the theory of folk narratives. In 1928, the morphology of the folktale proposed by Vladimir Propp of Russia had made a great contribution to the world. In 1993, American playwright Cristopher Vogler transformed Joseph Campbell’s 'the-hero-with-a-thousand-faces model' into a mode of 'the hero’s journey', which was seemed as a bible by the playwrights in Hollywood.