试论清朝“闭关政策”的双重性

On the dual nature of "closed-door policy"in the Qing Dynasty

传统观点在审视“闭关政策”时 ,大多只将眼光聚焦于东南沿海、广州一线 ,这是不确切的。清朝的对外贸易有京师贸易、恰克图贸易和广州贸易三种格局 ,贸易形式有朝贡贸易 ,边境、沿海自由贸易二种形式 ,他们的发展在同时期有很大不同 ;贸易国家还有西方列国和藩属国之分 ,清政府对待他们也有甚大偏差。所以“关”就不能简单的将其理解为“海关” ,“边关”也是其应有之义。

In examining the'closed door policy',the traditional view focuses on the coastal cities of the southeast and Guangzhou of China.This is one sided because the foreign trade of the Qing Dynasty covered more.So when we examine the 'closed door policy'we should look into the different trading patterns.