生态适应与生存策略分析

Analysis on Ecological Adaptation and Survival Strategy

从生物适应入手 ,以生态适应为视角 ,讨论生物的适应意义及生存策略的选择 .生态适应总是指对某组环境条件的适应组合 ,即生物个体在与已变化的环境因子相互作用情况下获得的对该物种的有益结果 .如果物种对其环境适应得好 ,它就能在该环境中生存 ,而且能有效繁殖 ;就进化而言 ,繁殖上的成功才是衡量生物适应好坏的主要标准 .生物对环境的适应并非完美无缺 ,存在适应代价 ;由于物理环境和生物环境从来就是变化不定的 ,所以适应也不断地受制于自然选择的精细调节 .在自然界 ,生物的适应变化主要为量变 ;在改变的环境条件下 ,往往表现为生理学过程的强度和速度及个体形态学数量、性状方面的指标发生变化 .对外部环境的适应是物种内部变异的基础 ,在新的环境因子参与新陈代谢和环境因子半致死的选择条件下 ,生物适应的量变才能发展为质变 ,才能改变物种的属性并产生在性质上完全不同的新适应 .生物进化必然沿着生态适应的线索前进 ;生物的适应意义就是最大限度地有利于生物的生存和繁殖 .

Beginning with universal adaptive phenomena in biosphere and from the view of ecological adaptation,adaptive significance and survival strategy are discussed in detail in the manner of examples. All living things have to adapt to their non-biotic and biotic environment. If not, they can not survive. Adaptation to environment means that population can survive well and reproduce successfully. As far as concept of biological adaptation is concerned, it refers to not only harmony between organisms and their environments, but also responses to environmental pressure. Adaptive cost results from environmental pollution. Abroad study on adaptation give birth to adaptive science and its development.