对人的不同界定与模塑:古代与近代人生哲学的比较研究

A Different Definition and Model for the Human Beings:A Comparative Study on the Ancient and Modern Outlook of Life

古代与近代的人生哲学具有明显的差异,主要表现在:关于人在宇宙中的位置,古代炫耀人得天独厚的优越性的同时,让天为人立法;近代依据进化论视人为一种高级动物。在生死观上,古代限于个人生死,近代通过精神遗传追求以国家、群体为寄托的精神不死。对于人的本性,古代与近代哲学都承认人有自然本性,但态度截然不同:一为蔑视,一为提倡。对于人的本质,古代归于道德性和知识性,近代承认知识智能、并弘扬社会群体。关于理想人格,古代具有圣贤情结,近代向往"新民"和英雄。

There is a large difference between the ancient and modern philosophy. On the place of the human beings in the world, the ancient shows off human's superiority and make the God decide the human beings, and the modern sees the human beings as a advanced animal by the Darvinism. On the outlook of life and death, the ancient is limited in individual, and the modern follows the immortal spirit by placing hopes on the country and the group. On the human being's natural instincts, the ancient and modern both agree that the human beings has it, but their attitudes are different: slight or promote. On the human beings' essence, the ancient makes human being to the moral and knowledge, and the modern admits it and enhance the society and group. On the ideal personality, the ancient has emotional ties of sages and men of virtue, and the modern longs for 'new-people' and hero.