马克思是建构理性主义者吗——评哈耶克对马克思的批评

Is Marx a Constructivist Rationalist?

以哈耶克为代表的所谓进化自由主义者认为,社会科学领域存在着两种理性主义:一是进化理性主义,二是建构理性主义,前者是正确的,后者是错误的,马克思则被看做是建构理性主义的代表。实际上,马克思既不是建构理性主义者,也不是进化理性主义者,而是实践理性主义者,哈耶克针对建构理性主义者所做的批判,在很大程度上是对马克思的歪曲,马克思的实践理性主义从根本上超越了建构理性主义与进化理性主义的对立,为人类的理性寻找到了坚实的根基。

The evolutionary liberalists, such as Hayek, think that there lie two kinds of rationalism. One is evolutionary rationalism, which bases upon correct presupposition. The other is constructivist rationalism, which bases upon false presupposition. In Hayeks eyes Marxism belongs to the latter. In this thesis we criticize such dichotomy raised by Hayek. Hayeks criticism on constructivist rationalism is not applicable for Marxs theory. In fact Marx upholds neither constructivist rationalism, nor evolutionary rationalism. His position should be called practical rationalism, which surpasses the former two positions. On practical rationalism Marx finds stable foundations for human reason.