试论明清家训的发展及其教化实践

On the Development and Education of Family Precepts of the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty

在中国传统家训发展史上 ,明清两代是一个重要的时期。主要表现为 :封建社会转衰而家训发展呈现空前繁荣 ,并在清代前期达到鼎盛 清代后期 ,虽然传统家训走向衰落 ,但其中又交织着局部的开新、变革。明清家训在其内容和教化方式上都发生了显著变化 ,这主要表现在贞节观念的强化、社会风俗教化内容增多、女子家训大量增加、强化宗子教育、商贾家训繁荣、重视个人风操和民族气节教育、宗规族训和家法惩戒的加强、性教育的出现等方面。

The Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty are of great significance in the history of traditional Chinese family precepts. It gets embodied mainly in the following aspects: The feudal society declined yet the development of family precepts reached unprecedented prosperity and was at its heyday in the early period of the Qing Dynasty; While the traditional family precepts tended to decline in the later period of the Qing Dynasty, there existed certain partial reforms and innovations. In the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty the traditional precepts changed distinctly in its content and educational practice. This can be represented in the respects as the emphasis on chastity, the enlargement of the content concerning social moralization, the great increase of women's family precepts, the intensification of educating descendents of the same clan, the prosperity of merchants' family precepts, the focus on the cultivation of individual morality and national integrity, the strengthening of clan doctrine and family discipline, the appearance of sex education, etc.