不同历史时期人们对矛盾律和排中律的理解

Evolution of the Ideas about the Law of Excluded Middle and the Law of Contradiction

矛盾律和排中律在不同时期的不同逻辑学家的心目中的地位和作用是不同的。如亚里士多德把它们看成是世界的普遍规律,莱布尼兹把它们看成为思维的基本规律,而现代逻辑则认为它们只不过是一条普通的思维规律。并且,本文对目前所谓排中律和矛盾律在某些系统“失效”问题作了分析。

This thesis briefly reviews the changes of the ideas about the Law of Excluded Middle and the Law of Contradiction in various historical periods. It renders some characteristics about the development of the logical thought. Aristotle was the first person who had made a comprehensive investigation on the Law of Excluded Middle and the Law of Contradiction. He regarded the two laws as the u-niversal laws in the world, namely, the laws of ontology, the laws of psychology, the laws of logic and the laws of semantics. After Aristotle, logicians regarded the Law of Excluded Middle and the Law of Contradiction as the laws of logic only. Leibniz thought that the two Laws possessed the characteristics of axiom. Kant put forward the idea that the Law of Contradiction and the Law of Sufficient Reason were the formal standards for logical truth. After the rise of philosophical logic and the logical philosophy, the validity of the two laws are suspected by many people now. This thesis makes some analyses for the meaning of 'losing validities', and points out that how to express the two laws clearly and exactly is a problem worthy of studies.