汉代的“陷陈都尉”与“陷陈士”

The Military Officers and Soldiers of Xianchen (Suicide Squad) of Han Dynasty

“陷陈”一词具有三种含义 :泛指攻破敌阵 ,或指纵队突击的战术 ,或指敢死队。汉代军队里编有专门的“陷陈”部队 ,或称“先登”、“敢死” ,将官为陷陈都尉、陷陈司马 ;规模为数百至数千人不等 ,装备精良 ,通过简选、招募或强制征调而组成 ;由以车兵或车骑为主 ,演变为以骑兵或步兵为主 ,作战时部署在阵首或两翼 ,根据情况采取不同的冲阵战术。它的出现与铁兵器的流行、轻车锐骑的使用、军事思想和战争指挥艺术的进步有关。

The word of “Xianchen' has three kinds of meaning: breaking through the enemy's position, the tactics that the column formation assaults, or suicide squad. There were special Xianchen units in armies of Han dynasty. They were also called “Step on first' or “Suicide squad'. Their scale varies from several hundreds to thousands of people with good arming. In the war, Xianchen units were disposed on the burst of head or both wings. They adopt the different tactics of rushing according to the situation. Its appearance indicated the progress of tactics.