植物多倍化与多倍体基因组进化研究进展

Recent advances of plant polyploidy and polyploid genome evolution

多倍化(polyploidization)是指细胞核中的染色体组发生加倍并以可遗传的方式传递至后代的现象.虽然已有研究揭示多倍化事件普遍出现于被子植物各类群的进化过程中,但其对物种多样化与基因组进化的作用始终都处于争论之中.近年来随着基因组测序的革命性进步与多种组学和分子生物学技术的应用,植物多倍化与多倍体基因组进化领域的研究已取得多方面的重要进展.本文首先系统地介绍了植物多倍化的研究历史、多倍体分类系统以及该领域目前存在的主要学术争论.在此基础上,侧重从染色体数目与结构、DNA和组蛋白表观遗传修饰以及RNA和蛋白质表达等多个层次,对在多倍体小麦、油菜与棉花等模式作物中所取得的研究成果进行了较详细的概括.期望本文通过对最新研究成果的总结与未来研究展望,进一步增进对多倍化在植物物种多样性形成与基因组进化过程中重要作用的理解,促进我国植物多倍化研究领域的发展.

Polyploidization refers to the evolutionary phenomenon that chromosome sets of a species are doubled and which can pass to offspring during the reproductive process.While polyploidy is a ubiquitous feature of all angiosperm plants,its roles in genome evolution and species diversification have been and are still debated.With the advances of DNA sequencing,molecular biology and genomic technologies,significant progress in studies of plant polyploidy and genome evolution has been made during the last decade.In this review,we will follow the research history of plant polyploidy to introduce the classification systems of plant polyploidy as well as the academic debates that are still going on.Then,we summarize recent achievements primarily in major polyploid crops including wheat,rapeseed and cotton,with a special emphasis on the progress of chromosome number and structural variations,genetic and epigenetic modifications as well as gene expression at the m RNA and protein levels.We hope that the summaries and perspectives raised in this review will improve our understanding of the importance of plant polyploidy to species diversification and genome evolution and motivate further studies in this field.