论三种社会形态与三种实践观

On Three Social Forms and Three Views on Practice

马克思在 1 857- 1 858年经济学手稿中 ,也就是在《资本论》草稿中 ,根据人的个性发展状况把人类社会划分为三大社会形态。他指出 ,“人的依赖关系 (起初是完全自然发生的 )是最初的社会形态 ,在这种社会形态下 ,人的生产能力只是在狭窄的范围内和孤立的地点上发展着。以物的依赖性为基础的人的独立性 ,是第二大社会形态 ,在这种形态下 ,才形成了普遍的社会物质交换 ,全面的关系 ,多方面的需求以及全面的能力体系。建立在个人全面发展和他们共同的社会生产能力成为他们的社会财富这一基础上的自由个性是第三大社会形态”。〔1〕与人的这种存在状态、社会生产力发展水平相适应 ,与三种社会形态的历史更替相一致 。

In his handscripts of economics,ie,his drafts of On Capital (1857-1858),Marx divided human society into three social forms on the base's of men's personal developments.He pointed out,'The relationships of men's inter-dependence (as totally natural occurrence in their initial stage)constituted the primitive social form,under which men's productivity developed within a narrow range and in isolated places,The second social form is represented by men's independence on the basis of their dependence on substances.This social state helped to form the universial social exchanges of materials ,overall social relations,multi-phase demands and men's comprehensve ability systems.The third social form is shown in men's free personalities built upon the basis of comprehensive developments of individuals and upon the social property constituted by their shared social productive forces,in consistency with the states of human existence,with the different levels of social productivity and with the historical changes of the three social forms,correspandent adjustments in our views on practice have also been ushered in.