晚清官员与知识精英对于民教冲突问题的应对策略分析

Officials and Intellectual Elites’ Coping Strategies to Deal with Mass-versus-Church Cases in the Late Qing Period: Taking Selection of Anti-Foreign-Religion Articles and Notices as the Center of the Discussion

自1860年以来,法国取得了各国天主教在华传教的'保教权'。为了传教,有些传教士包揽词讼,加之士绅鼓动,民教冲突频发。如何处理民教冲突成为清政府、传教士和各国公使的棘手之事。晚清政府各级官员、士绅、平民均深受民教冲突的困扰,处于冲突旋涡中心的地方政府官员举步维艰、动辄得咎。为了解决教案问题,清政府发布了'持平办理'的上谕,要求各地在'申明和约'的前提下,'持平办理''暗为防范'。晚清官员与知识精英提出了地方自治、'编教民'、将冲突限定为宗教之间的冲突、加入国际公法等原则和措施。从社会治理的视角重新审视晚清官员与知识精英对于民教冲突问题的应对策略及其效果,我们会得到更多的历史启示。

France had swindled other countries’missionary patronage in China since 1860.Some missionaries of western countries tried to get lawsuits as a huckster,which led to conflicts between Chinese people and church,and Mass-versus-Church cases increased as a result.The local officials became caught in a whirlpool of conflict,they faced a rough ride and were blamed for whatever they did,and moreover,officials of all levels,the gentry and civilians of government in late Qing dynasty were really screwed up with Mass-versusChurch cases.To solve the problem,the Qing government put out the imperial decree of'Impartial Handling'policy,officials and intelligent elites of late Qing dynasty put forward the coping strategies of local autonomy,'enrolling Christian citizens',exchanging ambassadors with the Vatican,joining the international public law.Success and failure of the coping strategies are analyzed in this paper.