复杂性的表达

Representing Complexity

伊恩·麦克哈格对地图叠加法的改进为地理信息系统(GIS)奠定了基础。他通过叠加地图的方法来说明生态系统之间的各种关系以及景观格局,这可谓是自1413年左右经菲利波·布鲁内莱斯基改良透视画法以来,设计行业中最重要的表现方式和设计手段。除了地图叠加法,麦克哈格还采用了很多其他表现方法来分析景观的复杂性,并说明规划及设计如何与生物物理过程、地质特征相互作用。这些主要用来表现景观复杂性的空间分析手法和表现技法将扩展地理设计的适用性和优越性。善用这些表现技法可以大力推进当前的地理设计,正如地图叠加法加速了GIS的诞生。除了地图叠加法以外,曾经被麦克哈格和他在宾夕法尼亚大学的同事们以及Wallace,McHarg,Roberts及Todd事务所(简称WMRT事务所;现Wallace,Roberts及Todd事务所,简称WRT)所使用过的其他表现方法还包括:地图、断面图、分析图、鸟瞰图、块状图、绘画以及摄影图片。我们将逐一介绍这些表现方法,并讨论其应用于地理设计中的可能性。更全面地探索这些表现技法将有助于推动地理设计的应用,也有助于我们了解麦克哈格在地图叠加法之外的其他贡献。

Ian McHarg helped build the foundation for geographical information systems(GIS) through his refinement of map overlay methods. McHarg's use of map overlays in revealing ecological relationships and landscape patterns is arguably the most important representational tool and strategy for design since Filippo Brunelleschi's refinement of perspective around 1413. In addition to overlays, McHarg employed other representational tools to analyze landscape complexity and to present how planning and design interventions interacted with biophysical processes and geological features. Spatial analytic strategies and representational techniques that focus on landscape complexity can expand the applicability and saliency of geodesign. This expansion could be similar to the influence of overlays to the creation of GIS. The other representational techniques employed by McHarg and his colleagues at the University of Pennsylvania and Wallace, McHarg, Roberts and Todd(now Wallace Roberts & Todd, WRT) include: maps, transects, diagrams, bird's eye perspectives, block diagrams, drawings, and photography. Each of these techniques will be introduced as they were used by McHarg then discussed for potential geodesign applications. A more comprehensive exploration will help expand the potential of geodesign and also acknowledge McHarg's broader contributions beyond map overlays.