设计生态学的景观绩效实证研究——以天津桥园公园盐碱地改善为例

EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON THE LANDSCAPE PERFORMANCE OF DESIGNED ECOLOGIES THROUGH A FIELD OBSERVATION OF SALINE-ALKALI SOIL IMPROVEMENT IN QIAOYUAN PARK OF TIANJIN

快速城市化导致自然生态系统退化,其调节、净化、生产等服务受到严重破坏。景观设计作为当代改善城市环境的重要手段,应当更加重视对景观功能与过程的设计,使公园、绿地等景观成为城市重要的生态服务供给者,而非城市的负担。为此,俞孔坚提出了"设计生态学"概念:它是人工的生态或人工设计的生命(包括人)与自然环境相互作用的系统,是景观设计及规划塑造的生态过程,也是一种跨尺度、跨学科的实证主义研究。本研究以基于此概念设计的天津桥园公园为案例,利用生态学实验等方法,对公园盐碱地改良的景观绩效进行了实证研究。研究证明,桥园人工生态系统实现了设计的预期目标,即经过景观设计的公园坑塘区域土壤pH值明显低于非设计区域,并且不论在坑塘内部微环境还是在坑塘区域整体空间上,都将土壤盐分累积在地势较低的空间,从而达到了显著的排盐排碱效果。其设计模式对类似城市公园和绿地景观的生态设计具有借鉴意义。

The current rapid urbanization leads to a degeneration in natural ecosystems whose regulating,purification,and production services have been seriously damaged.Landscape architecture focusing more on landscape functions and processes in this context is significant to urban environment improvement,by creating more urban parks and green spaces to provide ecological services as benefits rather than cities’burdens.Therefore,Yu Kongjian defined Designed Ecology as a constructed ecosystem or a system of interactions between living creatures(including human beings)and nature by human design,also ecological processes formed by landscape architecture and planning,and an interdisciplinary,cross-scale,and empirical research in a form of landscape.This research examined the landscape performance of saline-alkali soil amelioration in Qiaoyuan Park designed with the Designed Ecology principles by ecological experiments.The results prove that through micro-topography design,the park’s constructed ecosystem significantly drains away salt and alkali to the lower areas of the site,both within the pond and across the whole pond system,achieving its design goal.This case study provides models for similar ecological landscape design of urban parks and green spaces.