甲骨文中有關酒禮字義淺探

商代文化與禮俗很多方面是與飲酒、祭酒等活動息息相關的,甲骨文中與此種活動直接有關的古文字亦不乏其例,如'福'、'黍'、'鬯'等涉及飲酒、造酒或酒禮之字,以及代表'爵'、'卣'、'尊'等酒器之字皆是。通過對此種古字的分析,正可説明酒在中國古代文化中所扮演的重要角色,並可藉以增進我們對中國上古社會的認識。本文將以前賢的研究成果爲基礎,擇要對這些有關酒禮的古字之來源、結構及用例加以初步的探討,以便對商代及商代以前的中國古代酒文化有進一步的瞭解。

Cultural and ritual practices of the Shang are intimately related to activities involving the consumption and libation of alcohol.Oracle-bone inscriptions are replete with graphs directly related to such activities:from such graphs as fu福,shu黍,and chang鬯that bear upon the production,consumption,or ritual uses of alcohol,to others,such as jue爵,you卣,or zun尊,representing the vessels used to contain,heat,or pour it.An analysis of these ancient graphs reveals much about the crucial role that alcohol played in ancient China and serves to shed light upon the nature of ancient Chinese society more generally.Drawing primarily upon the findings of prior scholars,this paper explores the origins and structures of a representative selection of such graphs,with the aim of furthering our understanding of alcohol culture both during and prior to the time of the Shang dynasty.