論歷組卜辭中“小乙、父丁”稱謂及其相關問題——揭示歷組卜辭時代之確證

殷墟卜辭中有貞人'歷'的卜辭,按傳統的看法,是武乙、文丁卜辭。1977年李學勤先生根據'婦好'墓新材料,認爲武丁賓組卜辭中的'婦好'與歷組卜辭中的'婦好'是同一個人,因此他認爲歷組卜辭是武丁晚年到祖庚時期的卜辭。李先生此論一出,在甲骨學界引發了長達34年的關於'歷組卜辭'的時代争論。争論主要是兩種觀點:一種以蕭楠爲代表,認爲'歷組卜辭'中的'父丁'是指'康丁';另一種以李學勤先生爲代表,認爲'父丁'是指'武丁'。這是歷組卜辭時代争論中的癥結所在。本文再次從稱謂、世系等方面進行論述,指出該類卜辭中的'父丁'應是康丁。本文的獨特之處在於:將《綴合》336與《明後》B2526卜辭内容'繫聯',復原了'小乙→三且→父丁'這一祭祀過程,證明在'小乙'、'父丁'之間確實存在'三且'。此'三且'就是武乙稱'孝己、祖庚、祖甲',與康丁卜辭中的'三父'完全吻合。這是本文最重要的發現,它是歷組卜辭時代之確證。對於長期存在的歷組卜辭中'父丁'是誰的争論,無疑起到了'一錘定音'的作用。

According to the traditional viewpoint,the oracle bone inscriptions of Li Group unearthed in Yinxu were made during the reigns of Kings Wu Yi and Wen Ding.Based on the newly discovered materials from Fu Hao Tomb,Li Xueqin proposed that the“Fu Hao”in the inscriptions of Bin Group generated during the reign of King Wu Ding and the“Fu Hao”in the inscriptions of Li Group actually refers to the same person.Li Xueqin further proposed that the oracle bone inscriptions of Li Group were produced during the late period of King Wu Ding and beginning of King Zu Geng’s reign.Li Xueqin’s proposal started out a heated debate on the dating of the oracle bone inscriptions of Li Group for over thirty years.One group,as represented by Xiao Nan,says that the“Fu Ding(Father Ding)”in the Li Group inscriptions~校a帇refers to King Kang Ding whereas the other group,represented by Li Xueqin,says that this“Fu Ding”refers to King Wu Ding.Here,we re-examine the appellations and kingship lineage described in the Li Group inscriptions.We paid particular attention to the termsan zu三且“three ancestors”mentioned in the piece of Zhuihe 336and the piece of Ming Hou B2526and found that the contents of these two pieces are related to the same sacrificial event.Thus,based on the sacrificial order,from Xiao Yi to San Zu and then to Fu Ding,as described in these inscriptions,we concluded that the appellation“Fu Ding”mentioned in the Li Group inscriptions would have to refer to King Kang Ding,and not to King Wu Ding.