面向平民:明代书院发展的新动向

New trends in development of Ming-Dynasty's academies of classical learning:open to common people

沉寂近百年之后 ,明代书院重兴 ,面向平民成为其发展的一个重要特点。首先 ,城镇官府书院向平民百姓开放 ,山林布衣、乡村长者、普通百姓、佛教僧侣都可以进院听讲 ,甚至登堂讲说。这是宋元时期所罕见的现象。其次 ,乡村书院大量出现 ,它们以化民成俗为主要目的 ,讲求日用百姓之学 ,服务于乡村民众的文化建设。面向平民是明代书院得以繁荣发展的一个重要原因。

After being guiet for nearly100years,ming Dynasty's acadmies of classical learning revived and their development was characterized by opening to common people.Firstly,academies in cities and towns were open to common people;poor people,old people,and even Buddhist monks and priests could go to academise for lectures,and could even give lectures there,which was rare in the Song and Yuan Dynasties.secondly,a lot of academies apˉpeared in rural areas whose main aims were to convert people and conventions.whose focus was on what concerned common people s daily life,and whose purpose was help to construction of cultares for people in rural areas.Opening to common people was an important factor of the thriving of Ming-Dynasty academies of classical learning.