传统农区不同类型乡村功能演变研究——以河南省西华县为例

Study on the Evolution of Different Types of Rural Functional Development in Traditional Agricultural Areas:A Case of Xihua in Henan Province

采用典型案例调研法、空间分析方法和图谱法,将西华县乡村按照不同功能分为工业主导型乡村、现代农业主导型乡村和新型社区三种类型,并剖析了传统农区西华县1975—2017年乡村功能演变情况。研究发现不同类型乡村功能演变形式不同,具体表现如下:(1)工业主导型乡村的功能演变主要强调工业化对乡村的影响,即乡村人口向城镇集中,部分农民身份演变为"工厂工人";乡村经济活动具有兼业化趋势,农业生产功能逐渐受到挑战,城乡经济联系发生改变。(2)现代农业主导型乡村的功能演变主要聚焦于乡村生产功能和农民身份的变化,即传统农业生产功能演变为非粮化,部分农民身份演变为"农场工人",乡村经济逐渐向市场转化,农业生产空间增大。(3)新型社区功能演变主要聚焦于乡村功能的多样化和市民化的过程,在这个过程中农业生产功能逐渐丧失,但乡村的社会交往空间扩大;同时,基层政府功能得以更新和农村社会自治功能提高。(4)工业化是传统乡村功能演变基本动力,不同的发展阶段乡村功能演变的主导因素不同。(5)对乡村未来发展趋势进行展望,认为工业主导型乡村未来可向工业小镇或工业小区方向演变,现代农业主导型乡村可向旅游型乡村发展,新型社区可借助于中心城镇体系的完善交通形成居住型乡村。

Rural function research is one of the core issues in rural geography research. This paper analyzes the evolution characteristics of rural functions in traditional agricultural areas by typical case study method, spatial analysis method and Atlas method in1975-2017. The study found that different types of rural functions have different forms of evolution. The research finds that(1) The evolution of industrial rural functions mainly emphasizes the impact of industrialization on rural areas, that is, the rural population is concentrated in cities and towns, and some of the farmers’ identity has evolved into 'factory workers';the rural economic activities have the trend of concurrent industrialization, the agricultural production function is gradually challenged, and the economic relations between urban and rural areas have changed.(2)The evolution of agricultural modernization mainly focuses on the change of rural production function and farmers’ identity, that is, the traditional agricultural production function evolved into non-food production function, some farmers’ identity evolved into 'farm workers', the rural economy gradually turned to the marketization, and the agricultural production space increased.(3) The evolution of new community functions mainly focused on the process of diversification and citizenization of rural functions. In this process, the function of agricultural production gradually lost,but the social communication space of rural areas expanded;at the same time, the function of the grass-roots government was updated and the function of rural social autonomy was improved.(4) Industrialization is the basic driving force for the evolution of traditional rural functions, and the leading factors are different in different stages of development.(5)This article looks forward to the future development trend of rural areas and puts forward that industrial villages can evolve into industrial towns or industrial districts in the future. Modern agricultural villages can develop towards tourist villages. New communities can form residential villages by means of the perfect transportation system of central cities and towns.