即时通讯中个人信息保护的风险分配与刑法归责

Risk Distribution and Criminal Responsibility of Personal Information Protection in Instant Messaging

即时通讯领域中个人信息面临诸多风险,传统刑法对此关注甚少,忽略了自陷风险的被害人、即时通讯软件提供者、管理者等多个主体违背风险分配给予注意义务的情形,而将危害结果全部归责于直接行为人,可能导致司法裁判失于公允。鉴于此,司法有必要确立具体的风险分配规则,分配即时通讯中个人信息保护的注意义务;传统的因果关系理论侧重于事实判断,难以很好地解决侵犯个人信息行为与结果之间既涉及事实判断,同时也关乎进一步归责的规范判断的双层关系,运用条件关联与相当性关联的事实判断来判断因果关系,能较好地解决事实与规范之间的衔接问题;援引客观归责理论,利用该理论的三个层次架构起对即时通讯中的个人信息的规范实质判断,可明晰结果归属。

In the field of instant messaging,personal information faces many risks.The traditional criminal law pays little attention to this.It ignores the situation where multiple subjects such as victims,software providers,and administrators who violate the obligations to pay attention to risk distribution.Therefore,it is necessary for the judiciary to establish specific risk allocation rules and assign the duty of care for the protection of personal information in instant messaging;the traditional theory of causality focuses on factual judgment,and it is difficult to solve the double-layer relationship,they are factual judgment between the violation of personal information and the result,and the normative judgment of further imputation,using the factual judgment of conditional and equipollence association to judge causality can better solve the problem of connection between facts and norms.By citing the objective imputation theory,the three-level structure is used to judge the substantive judgment of personal information in instant messaging,and the result attribution can be clarified.