澳门通洋贸易与广州黄埔设港的关系

The Relationships between Macao’s Overseas Commerce and Setting up a Port at Huangpu of Guangzhou

在广州黄埔设立港口,是清代康雍乾时期采取的重要决定,反映了清代前期国力的伸张和试图将海外贸易规范化的措置。它既顺应了国际国内经济发展的需要,又有力地维护了国家的主权。但亦因为清朝政府实行开海贸易,加强了粤海关的职权,又将外国商船进出口集中到黄埔港,取消了葡萄牙管制下的澳门作为中外贸易和交往唯一通道的地位,也必然会和一些外国势力发生利益冲突。除澳葡当局的反应相当强烈外,当时企图在中国开拓殖民主义和强烈要求扩大开放通商渠道的英国,也表现得最为躁动,曾多次试图闯入黄埔港,突破中国的外贸管理体制,但都遭到清朝政府的严厉驳回。黄埔一港,实密切反映着当时粤澳以至中外关系的风云变幻。在清朝高层官僚中,对于是否坚持在黄埔开港也引发过激烈的政策争论,是当时国内国际关系急速演变的反映。

Setting up a port at Huangpu of Guangzhou was an important policy of the Qing government when the three famous emperors,namely,Kangxi,Yongzheng,Qianlong governed.It reflected that the first stage of the Qing Dynasty tried to standardize the overseas commerce and expanded national power.This policy promoted the international and domestic economy,at the same time it also defended the sovereignty.Because it opened the overseas commerce,strengthened the rights of Guangdong’s customs,centralized the foreign merchant ships at huangpu Port and canceUed the unique right of Macao supervised by the Portugal as the only bridge of Sino-foreign commerce intercourse,the Qing government had conflict of interest with some foreign groups.Besides the authorities of Macao,the Britain was one of these groups which was nearly manic,especially on the conditions’that it would prepare for spreading colonialism in China and violently required to open more treaty ports.Therefore the Britain had attempted to intrude Huangpu Port and break the system of Chinese overseas commerce.But the Qing Dynasty stroke back powerfully.The Huangpu Port reflected vividly the relationship between Macao and Guangdong even between China and foreign countries.The dignitaries of the Qing government had vehemently argued about setting up a port at Huangpu.It preceived that how domestic and international relationships moved at that time.