明清时期广东墟市的盛衰、营运和租税的征收——明清广东墟市研究之二

The Rise and Fall,Operation and the Taxes’ Levies of the Xu City,Guangdong Province in the Ming and Qing Dynasty:The Research of the Xu City,Guangdong Province in the Ming and Qing Dynasty Ⅱ

明清广东墟市的营建有三种类型,即地方官吏建立的墟市、民间集资建立的墟市——主要通过股份制的经营方式进行,以及社团制建立的墟市。无论那种类型,都有士绅参加或控制,士绅常常成为'墟主'或'墟长'。在营建和管理过程中,出现了几个值得探讨的问题:为什么明清政府不建立征收墟税的机制,纳入国家财政项下?手工业墟市是如何产生和消失的?墟市中的会馆是商人的封建组织吗?股份制的经营方式成为现代股份制公司的滥觞?士绅控制下墟市的发展受到怎样的限制?

There were three types in the operation of the Xu City,Guangdong province in the Ming and Qing Dynasty,Guangdong—These Xu Cities were established by the local bureaucracy,or by the common people(It carried on mainly by the management methods of the share system),or by the association system.Whatever kind it was,the esquire always came to attend or control,and these esquire usually became"Xu Lord"or"Xu Chief".During the operation and management,several problems needed to be discussed:Why did the goverments of the Ming and Qing Dynasty set up the tax system to bring into the national finance?The handicraft industry Xu City appeared and disappeared;the assembly hall became the merchants’feudalism organization;the management method of the share system became the origin of the modern share system company;the development of the Xu City controlled by those esquires were restricted.