隋唐长安、洛阳、平城、长冈和平安——一种东亚城市新模式的诞生

Sui-Tang Chang’an:Inventing a new Urban Paradigm in East Asia:An Analysis of the Urban Form

城市建设在东亚有着久远的历史,早在四千多年前,中国夏朝已出现了城市。中国城市在长期发展过程中不断演进、变化,有些乃是众多因素综合导致的结果,还有些则受到统治者或规划设计者个人意愿的影响。这篇文章主要提出的是一个始于隋代的规划原型并叙述了它对唐长安、洛阳等城市形成的重大影响。新朝代伊始,创建一个新帝国的政治雄心对唐长安的规划提出了挑战。当时的时代背景促成了一个规划原型的诞生,此理论原型又引发出一系列重构演绎。自长安开始,这个原型被实践于洛阳并规范化。其后,在日本城市平城(今奈良)、长冈和平安,此原型得到进一步发展、成熟。

City building has a long tradition in East Asia.In China,cities were already in existence during the Xia Dynasty,more than 4,000 years ago.During its long history of development,the Chinese city has seen major changes and minor transformations,sometimes brought about by the combination of a number of factors and at other times by the will of its ruler or the genius of its planner.This paper hypothesises on the invention of a significant prototypical plan during the Sui period that gave rise to the glorious capital Chang’an.Founded at the beginning of a new era,the challenge was to invent an urban paradigm to match the ambition of a new empire.This gave rise to a theoretical model susceptible to permutations that engendered a range of configurations.Beginning with the first prototypical plan for Chang’an,the model was further regularised in the plan of Luoyang,and subsequently even more rationalised in the 8th century Japanese cities of Heijokyo(Nara),Nagaoka-kyo and Heian-kyo.