中国现存最早的铜建筑——武当山元代小铜殿研究

Research on the Earliest Copper Architecture in China:the Little Bronze Hall of Yuan Dynasty at Mount Wudang

本文首先运用建筑史、艺术史的研究方法对小铜殿的沿革、形态、结构、构造、图像进行考察,认识到:小铜殿建于元大德十一年(1307年),在结构和构造上仿照木结构建筑,分件铸造,并使用榫卯装配而成;小铜殿的屋脊和鸱尾使用了北斗九星等具有古意的图像,以强调其历史正统性。其次,以历史地理的视角,对小铜殿的铭文进行了解析,了解到:小铜殿的主体和屋脊分别铸造于武昌和襄阳;其捐建者主要来自武昌路及其周边地区:其募建者的最主要活动空间是武昌路城的南城。同时,首次对小铜殿的建造材料使用X射线荧光分析仪进行了分析,发现其成分为铅锡青铜;合金的铜锡比随构件结构作用的增强而升高。最后,认为铜殿这一建筑形式的出现很大程度上源自对'金殿'这一道经中经典形象的追求,是对'金殿'概念的具象化表现。

From an angle of architectural history and art history,this paper investigates the structure and style of the Little Bronze Hall of Yuan Dynasty at Mount Wudang,which is the earliest existence of bronze archiecture in China.The Little Bronze Hall,built in 1307,the 11th year of the Dade period of Yuan Dynasty,imitates the structure and construction of timber architecture,with all its components cast separately and then assembled.The roof ridge and chiwer(fin-shaped ornaments at the ends of the roof ridge)are decorated with ancient motifs like the ninestar in ancient Chinese Triones,which declare that it belongs to the orthodox tradition.Furthermore,the inscriptions on the hall were analyzed in light of human geological history,and it was concluded that,1)The main part of the Little Bronze Hall was made in Wuchang,while the roof ridge and chiwei were made by a different artisan in Xiangyang.2)It was found that the patrons were mainly from the Wuchang area.3)The main space where the sponsor collect the donations is the south Wuchang city.In addition,the building material’s composition was analyzed for the first time using XRF(Xray fluorescence),and the alloy was determined to be leaded bronze,and the copper-tin ratio of the architctural components increase with increase of their structural importance.Finally,it is inferred that the bronze hall as a Chinese architectural type probably originates in description of the"Golden Hall"imagined in Taoist classical texts,and the Little Bronze Hall was probably the first physical example of the conception.