中国古建筑定向方法及使用问题辨析

Methods and Applications: Determining Directions in Chinese Architecture

现存古建筑朝向不一,各界对此现象存有种种疑惑。本文运用实验、科学计算数据,参考史籍记载,对三种传统定向方法及实施误差进行分析。通过对北京部分建造年代确凿的古建及巩义宋陵遗址的方向作考察,重建了它们建造时使用的测向方法及设计方位。同时,探究了风水罗盘的吉方,指出了罗盘上的一项错误。

Orientations of extant historical buildings and cities are often deviated from the four cardinal directions,which has arisen various speculations among scholars as well as the public.On the base of experiments and calculations,and comparisons of historical documents and buildings,this paper critically reviews three traditional methods of direction determination,their applications and errors.The paper investigates the directions of ancient buildings whose construction data are known,with a focus on architectures in Beijing and Gongyi,Henan,to reconstruct the methods used.Favorite directions according to fengshui principles and possible applications with the use of magnetic compass are also discussed.A common error in labeling favorite positions on the compass is pointed out too.