论社会主义社会剩余价值的分配

On the Distribution of Surplus Value in a Socialist Society

在剩余价值的分配上 ,单纯讲求效率而不顾公平的按资分配是早期资本主义分配方式 ,其历史命运已经为马克思所深刻洞悉 ;单纯讲求公平而牺牲效率的平均主义分配是传统社会主义的分配方式 ,其结局同样是陷入自我终结的悖论之中。目前在学术界流行的按要素分配论中有一种单纯要求按资分配的倾向 ,这种倾向与人类的公平理想背道而驰 ,也与 2 0世纪发达国家的分配革命趋势不符。本文主张 ,真正的按要素分配应当是按劳分配与按资分配的有机统一 ,劳动与资本一样是生产要素 ,同样有权参与剩余价值分配。发生在第一次分配领域的真正的按要素分配 ,为效率和公平的有机统一提供了“一次保障机制” ,发生在第二次分配领域的国家再分配则为这种统一提供了“二次保障机制”。

The distribution pattern of surplus value based only on the capital at expense of social justice is one that prevailed in early capitalism, whose historical fate was deeply understood by Karl Marx. And the egalitarian distribution pattern based only on social justice at cost of efficiency is a traditional socialist one, which ended in an absurd outcome. However, in the factor-based distribution theory prevailing in the academic world, there is a tendency that requires the distribution of surplus value just based on the capital. This tendency runs counter not only to the just ideal of human beings, but also to the new trend of a distribution revolution occurring in developed countries. This paper proposes that the reasonable factor-based distribution of surplus value should be an organic combination of labor-based distribution with capital-based distribution. Labor, like capital, also is an important productive factor, so it has the right to share the surplus value as human capital. This reasonable factor-based distribution occurring in the first distribution of surplus value provides a 'first mechanism' assuring the organic integration of justice and efficiency; the redistribution by state provides a 'second mechanism' ensuring this integration.