明代的渔政制度及其变迁——以机构设置沿革为例

The Ming Dynasty's Fishery Policy System and Its Change: Analysis of the Fishery Organization's Origin and Development

明代对渔业非常重视 ,渔政制度十分严密 ,渔政设施颇为完备 ,但前后期的变迁较大。明代前期全国各地设有数量众多的河泊所 ,其中又以今两湖地区、九江地区、安庆地区及福建、广东沿海最为密集。洪武十四年以后 ,大多数河泊所均建有专门的办公公署 ,而且建置规制基本类同。各河泊所一般都配备有官员和吏员各一名 ,掌管征收解办渔税及管理渔户等事宜。官员即河泊官 ,吏员为攒典。河泊官又称河泊大使 ,为未入流之官。但充任河泊官者一般文化素质均较高 ,多有举人 ,甚至偶尔有由谪官之进士充任者。明中后期由于河湖淤浅、围湖圩垦而鱼利减少等原因大量裁并 。

As The Ming Dynasty attached great importance to fishery, the system of fishery policy was very well-organized, and the fishery facilities were fully sufficient, but there were noticeable changes during the earlier and the later periods. In the earlier period there were plenty of stations in charge of fishing near rivers and lakes all over the country, especially in Jiujiang District, Anqin District and the coastal areas of Guangdong Province and Fujian Province. Most of such stations had office buildings fourteen years after Hongwu was in power, and they shared basically unified standards. There was one government official and one government clerk working at each station, taking charge of such affairs as collecting fishery taxes, administering fisherman, and keeping their registrars, etc. The official was called River-and-Lake Official and the clerk Cuandian. The River-and-Lake officials were generally better cultured and educated. But the number of such officials decreased considerably during the middle and late periods of the Ming Dynasty because rivers and lakes became silted and fishery decline.