十八届三中全会后的国企改革:问题与建议

The Reform of SOEs after the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC:Issues and Solutions

国有企业改革问题从我国大规模建立国有企业即已出现。本文对我国国有企业改革历程做了回顾,指明国有企业改革不仅仅是一个简单的企业层面的改革问题,如果仅仅在经济层面讨论,国企改革实际上涉及经济制度、国有资产、国有企业经营与管理三个层面。如果从政策的层面来看,国企改革也牵涉到意识形态因素。国有企业改革,只有找准'问题',才能给对'药方'。当下国有企业主要面临的问题为:形象负面、与民争利、所有者缺位、治理结构和监管体制不完善、效率低下、恶化收入分配等。为解决这些问题,必须逐步集中国有资本于非竞争性领域,对国有企业实行分类监管,逐步实现国有企业'公共属性'的回归,建立国有企业收益全民分享机制,完善国有资产管理相关法律,推进国有企业管理体制改革,推进国有企业'去行政化'改革,构建长效的激励约束机制和与市场经济相适应的分配机制,加强对国有企业的外部监督,国有企业的混合所有制改革应主要通过资本市场实现。

The issues of SOE reform start from the formation of large-scale SOE.This paper reviews the history of the reform of SOE in China,and point out,the issues of SOE reform are not just simple reform in the enterprise-level,and they are related with three level issues,which include;economic institutions,State-Owned assets and the operation and management of SOE.If policy issues are involved,we shouldn’t forget the issue of ideology.For the issues of SOE reform,the effective prescriptions can be reached only after the right issues are located properly.The issues of SOE mainly include:negative images,"competing with the people for profits",the owners absence,defects in corporate governance and regulation system,low efficiency,deterioration of income distribution etc.In order to solve those problems,we need to concentrate the State-Owned capital into noncompetitive fields,carry out regulation by classification of SOEs,revive the public characteristics of SOEs,establish the gain sharing by the people plan,improve relative laws and regulations on the management of SOEs,propel the de-administration in SOEs,design and construct the long-term incentive and constraint mechanisms and distribution mechanisms adapt to market economy,enhance the external supervision for SOEs.Last but not the least,the reform of hybrid ownership of SOEs should be mainly implemented by the capital market.