正当防卫时间要件疑难问题研究

On Controversial Issues concerning the Temporal Requirement of Self-defense

防卫人何时采取防卫行为才能构成正当防卫,这是正当防卫理论所要予以解决的一项重要议题。传统理论要求正当防卫只有在不法侵害正在进行或是即刻发生的情况下才可以实施,但是这一立场受到了来自理论和实践的挑战。因此,正当防卫时间要件的调整必须以对防卫行为性质和必要性原则的反思和理解为基础。通过对防卫行为的考察可知,其本质上是具有预见性的。因此,防卫时间要件的重点在于不法侵害发生和继续的可能性达到多大的情况下才可以进行防卫,也即对于防卫必要性的思考。然而防卫时间的调整不能片面依赖于防卫效果。法益保护的平衡性要求打击行为不能过于提前或滞后,从而倒向道德审判与复仇。在受虐妇女综合症适用中,仅出于受虐者在道德上的优位和打击行为的效果而要求将杀伤处于消极状态的施虐者的行为正当化的主张显然是不合理的。同理,在防卫人夺回财物的过程中,防卫人也不能在侵害人脱离合理控制范围后随意实施打击。

While the traditional view requires the defender to refrain from using force unless the attack is imminent,it is challenged in reasoning and legal practice.Since reactive adjustment is not sufficient to systematically optimize the theory of self-defense and thus ensure balance of safeguard for parties of interest,the imminence requirement cannot be properly reexamined without rethinking the nature of defense and requirement of necessity.The act of self-defense is anticipatory in nature.The focus of theory,therefore,shall be relocated to the probability of aggression,which is involved in the necessity requirement.The rethinking of requirement,however,should not rest solely on the effect of defense.The balance of protection entails the act of defense neither to be done too early nor too late,which falls into the category of moral judgment and retaliation.As a result,it is unreasonable to justify the killing of passive abuser in the name of Battered Women Syndrome,so it is the case for the strike against aggressors who successfully eliminate in hot-pursuit the possibility of control over property.