国际卫生组织与冷战初期盘尼西林生产方式的传播——以联合国善后救济总署在欧活动和美国医药援华会在华事务为例

International Health Organizations and the Dissemination of PenicillinProduction Methods in the Early Cold War Era. The Case of UNRRAActivities in Europe and the Workings of ABMAC in China.

1946年年初,联合国善后救济总署(UNRRA)宣布了一个新的项目:将在捷克斯洛伐克、波兰、意大利、南斯拉夫、白俄罗斯和乌克兰等地建设盘尼西林(青霉素)工厂。该项目并非旨在给饱受战争蹂躏的国家提供临时药品救济,而是希望这些国家借此可以自食其力。因此,这六个国家不仅可以无条件地获取盘尼西林,而且还有机会赶上药学研究的最新趋势。从长远角度看,通过联合国善后救济总署的盘尼西林工厂项目实现的科学知识与技术手段转变,很可能成为联合国善后救济总署在该项目领域内所留下的最宝贵和最有效的遗产。在更早的时候,美国医药援华会(ABMAC)也向中国提供了一个盘尼西林生产工厂。本文通过论述联合国善后救济总署的盘尼西林工厂项目从启动到瓶颈期再到最终阶段的发展历程,旨在评估20世纪40年代世界范围内国际卫生组织在盘尼西林生产方式的传播上所发挥的作用。在更广阔的视域下,本文还试图为重新界定参与国际卫生组织善后救济项目的各位科学技术专家的角色——从顺从的雇员到积极的改革者——贡献自己的识见。

In early 1946,the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration(UNRRA)announced a new program of building penicillin factories in Czechoslovakia,Poland,Italy,Yugoslavia,Belarus,and Ukraine.The program was not designed to bring ad hoc relief to these recently war-torn countries by delivering supplies of the medicine,but to enhance their self-production ability.As a result,these six nations not only gained practically unlimited access to penicillin,but were also given a chance to catch up with the latest developments in pharmaceutical research.In the long run,the scientific knowledge and technological know-how transferred through UNRRA's penicillin plant program was probably the most valuable and effective legacy of its activities in this regard.Even earlier,a penicillin factory was offered to China by the American Bureau for Medical Aid to China(ABMAC).This paper,through outlining the development of UNRRA's penicillin plant program from its inception,through its rather difficult realization,to its conclusion,will attempt to assess the role of international health organizations in disseminating the penicillin production methods around the world in the 1940s.In the broader context,this analysis will contribute to redefinition of the roles,from submissive recipients to active agents of change,in the transfer of technical and scientific expertise that accompanied rehabilitation programs sponsored by international health organizations.