“医疗社会史”之视角——以20世纪的东亚和中国为中心

“Social History of Medicine”as an Approach for Studying theTwentieth-Century History of East Asia and China

本文试对20世纪东亚和中国的医疗社会史研究现状展开论述。文中的主要研究对象为日语、汉语和英语出版的著作,并据此探讨处于不同语言环境下的医学史和医疗社会史所应采取的研究方法。例如阐述医学史及医疗社会史时,来自医生、公共卫生行业和医院病人的材料极为重要,其中包含20世纪日本在抑制传染病和地方病方面所取得的进展。然而遗憾的是,20世纪的日本在抑制本国血吸虫病、疟疾、丝虫病方面的基础资料并未受到重视,从而导致“资料危机”的发生,即日本在相关研究领域缺乏原始资料,此亦为笔者在本文中重点讨论之内容。基于日本所面临的“资料危机”,笔者参与了一项历史调研并在公共卫生与医疗部门工作人员的协助下,搜集和整理了大量原始资料,还得以通过口述史的方式搜集到诸多关于20世纪日本在抑制本国血吸虫病、疟疾、丝虫病方面所取得的经验教训。在中国,医学及公共卫生相关的基础资料皆被完整保存于政府或历史档案室里,而这些资料正是考证20世纪中国各地区经济、社会等领域真实状况的最佳凭据。

This paper tries to examine the current state of research on the social history of medicine in twentieth-century East Asia and China.The main study subjects in this paper were written in Japanese,Chinese,and English.As a result,the difference of methods between the medical history and the social history of medicine in each language background is also being examined in this paper.To describe the history of medicine and social history of medicine,the records of medical doctors,public health professionals,and patients in the hospital are very important,including those who control detail process of infectious diseases and endemic diseases in the twentieth-century Japan.Unfortunately,the primary sources on the containment of schistosomiasis,malaria,filariasis in the twentieth-century Japan have been neglected.At the result of this,the“Data Crisis”in source materials on Japan will be discussed in this paper.Given the“Data Crisis”in Japan,the author of this paper participated in historical programs to collect the basic source material and to save it with the help of public health and medical personnel.These efforts resulted in the utilization of oral history programs that collect the rich records that reflect the experience of combating schistosomiasis,malaria,and firaliasis in the twentieth century Japan.In China,medical and public health records in these areas were completely re-served in government and official archives and the information is an excellent source for examining the reality of economic and social conditions in China's various regions in the twentieth century.