民国时期针灸教育形式的转型及其特征分析

An Analysis of the Transformation and Features of Acupuncture Educationin the Republican Period

民国时期针灸教育从传统的师承模式向学校教育转型,并通过学历教育、函授班、短期班等办学形式来传承针灸。总体而言,学校教育以正规学历教育为主,其学制较长,学历层次划分不统一;中医学校针灸课程地位不凸显,针灸学校针灸课程分化,均参照了西医学科体系;教学内容有了明确的进度安排,渐趋规范化、实用化;注重针灸临床实习。函授班,多数由学校附设,亦有学生创办;教材与面授班相同,不过相对局限,较少涉猎他科知识;学制短,毕业考核简单。短期班有专修班、讲习班及训练班等形式,专修班及讲习班仅为更简便地速成针灸,训练班则是在战时缺医少药的背景下产生的。民国时期,针灸学校教育对新中国成立后针灸院校教育的创设与发展产生了很大影响。

Acupuncture education transformed itself from the traditional model of apprenticeship to that of modern education,including features like formal school education,correspondence course,short-term class,and others during the period of the Republic of China.In general,formal school education was the main outlet in the modern model,with long duration and different levels.The status of acupuncture course in normal Chinese medicine school was not prestigious;specialized acupuncture school adopted a separate curriculum,with reference to the western disciplines.The content was standardized and made practical,with an emphasis on clinical trial.Correspondence class was a subsidiary of the main schools and partially founded by students;it used same teaching materials of normal course,although rarely extending to broader western medical subjects.Meanwhile,correspondence class was short and easy to complete.The shortness in duration was a result of specialized classes and small workshops that sped up acupuncture education,and some practical classes were established during the war.The acupuncture education in the Republic of China later exerted remarkably influence on acupuncture education in the P.R.China.