“道地”的消隐——“大跃进”时期中药材的“就地生产”

The Disappearance of Daodi ( 道地) : the Localization of ChineseHerbal Medicine Production during the Great Leap Forward

“大跃进”期间及其后,药材引种政策的推行冲击了“道地药材”观念,深刻改变了中药材的地域分布格局。“大跃进”时期,国务院通过推行药材“就地生产、就地供应”和“野生药材变家养家种”,试图解决悬而不决的药材紧缺问题。各地通过药材引种推进药材“就地生产”,中药材领域长期以来形成的“道地观念”受到冲击。米丘林学说以及生药学的药材观助推了药材观念的“去道地化”。此外,计划经济体制对药材引种的产生和推行作用关键,“大跃进”期间中央向地方赋权以及计划经济“重生产、轻流通”的特点客观上要求药材“就地生产”。“大跃进”时期药材引种的实施存在浮夸现象,突出的粮食与药材生产矛盾实际上限制了药材引种的推行,甚至削弱了原道地产区的药材生产能力,“大跃进”结束后药材引种政策继续推行,引种药材产量实现显著增长。

From the Great Leap Forward movement and beyond,the importation of medicinal herbs greatly transformed the concept of Daodi,i.e.,place/route-based authenticity,by changing the geographical distribution of Chinese medicinal materials.At that time,the State Council tried to solve the problem of medicine shortage through the promotion of“localized production,localized supply”.The Daodi concept,which had been long practiced with regard to Chinese herbal medicine,was disrupted by plans of transplanting medicinal herbs to regions outside of their native lands,a measure supported by different vision of medicine belonging to Michurinis and Pharmacognosy.Furthermore,the planned economic system created incentives for the transplantation of medicinal herbs,although it was afflicted by the tendency of boasting and exaggerating productivity outcomes during the Great Leap Forward.As a result,the conflict between food and medicinal production became acute and it crippled the latter’s development even in some of the native regions where the herbs traditionally grew.After the Great Leap Forward,the introduction of medicinal herbs in new environments achieved significant growth.